Biography of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII

Life story of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII Known for: The third spouse of King Henry VIII of England; Jane bore a much-needed child as beneficiary (the future Edward VI) Occupation: Queen associate (third) to Englands King Henry VIII; had been a house keeper of respect to both Catherine of Aragon (from 1532) and Anne BoleynSignificant Dates: 1508 or 1509â€October 24, 1537; became sovereign by marriage on May 30, 1536, when she wedded Henry VIII; broadcasted sovereign on June 4, 1536, however she was never delegated as sovereign Early Life of Jane Seymour Raised as a run of the mill aristocrat of her time, Jane Seymour turned into a house cleaner of respect to Queen Catherine (of Aragon) in 1532. After Henry had his union with Catherine invalidated in 1532, Jane Seymour turned into a house keeper of respect to his subsequent spouse, Anne Boleyn. In February of 1536, as Henry VIIIs enthusiasm for Anne Boleyn wound down and it became clear that she would not tolerate a male beneficiary for Henry, the court saw Henrys enthusiasm for Jane Seymour. Union with Henry VIII Anne Boleyn was indicted for injustice and executed on May 19, 1536. Henry reported his pre-wedding assurance to Jane Seymour the following day, May 20. They were hitched on May 30 and Jane Seymour was articulated Queen Consort on June 4, which was additionally the open declaration of the marriage. She was never formally delegated as sovereign, maybe in light of the fact that Henry was holding up until after the introduction of a male beneficiary for such a function. Jane Seymours court was undeniably more quelled than Anne Boleyns. She obviously proposed to stay away from a significant number of the blunders made by Anne. During her concise rule as Henrys sovereign, Jane Seymour had attempted to bring harmony between Henrys oldest little girl, Mary, and Henry. Jane had Mary brought to court and attempted to get her named as Henrys beneficiary after any of Jane and Henrys posterity. Birth of Edward VI Unmistakably, Henry wedded Jane Seymour essentially to hold up under a male beneficiary. He was effective in this when, on October 12, 1537, Jane Seymour brought forth a ruler. Edward was the male beneficiary Henry so wanted. Jane Seymour had likewise attempted to accommodate the connection among Henry and his little girl Elizabeth. Jane welcomed Elizabeth to the rulers initiating. The infant was dedicated October 15, and afterward Jane became sick with puerperal fever, an inconvenience of labor. She kicked the bucket on October 24, 1537. The Lady Mary (future Queen Mary I) filled in as boss griever at Jane Seymours memorial service. Henry After Janes Death Henrys response after Janes demise loans trustworthiness to the possibility that he adored Jane - or if nothing else valued her job as the mother of his solitary enduring child. He went into grieving for a quarter of a year. Before long, Henry started looking for another proper spouse, however he didn't remarry for a long time when he wedded Anne of Cleves (and presently lamented that choice). At the point when Henry kicked the bucket, ten years after Janes passing, he had himself covered with her. Janes Brothers Two of Janes siblings are noted for utilizing Henrys binds to Jane for their own headway. Thomas Seymour, Janes sibling, wedded Henrys widow and 6th spouse, Catherine Parr. Edward Seymour, additionally a sibling of Jane Seymour, filled in as Protector - increasingly like an official - for Edward VI after Henrys demise. Both these siblings endeavors to practice power arrived at terrible closures: both were in the long run executed. Jane Seymour Facts Family Background: Mother: Margery Wentworth, an immediate relative through her dad of Edward III of England (making Jane a fifth cousin twice evacuated to her better half Henry VIII)Father: Sir John Seymour, WiltshireJanes extraordinary grandma, Elizabeth Cheney, was likewise incredible grandma to Anne Boleyn, Henrys second spouse, and to Catherine Howard, Henrys fifth wife. Marriage and Children: Spouse: Henry VIII of England (wedded May 20, 1536)Children:The future Edward VI of England, conceived October 12, 1537 Instruction: The essential training of respectable ladies of the time; Jane was not as educated as her ancestors and could peruse and think of her own name and not more. Sources Anne Crawford, editorial manager. Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547. 1997.Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Alison Weir. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.

Workplace Violence in the Workplace Sector A Literature Review Free Essays

string(33) brutality ought to be apprehended. Working environment viciousness is a rising marvel that ought to be explored. The idea of such viciousness and how it is influencing the working environment. The idea of work environment brutality, the various techniques being utilized to do it and how it influences the laborers and their relationship with one another ought to be investigated. We will compose a custom paper test on Working environment Violence in the Workplace Sector: A Literature Review or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Verifiable Context of Workplace Violence V. Bowie gives an outline of working environment brutality by taking a gander at the historical backdrop of partnerships and organizations in the previous thirty years. The material he delivered gives the scientist significant bits of knowledge on the advancement of patterns, contentions and issues that happen during the previous thirty years. These patterns were associated with social just as mechanical improvements in the general public. Moreover, he additionally utilizes inquire about information and discoveries on different controls to give an illustrative foundation to these rising patterns. Bowie’s work gives a significant recorded setting of working environment courses of action and the occurrences that offer ascent to working environment brutality. Moreover, Bowie gave a typology of work environment brutality which is made out of (1) meddling, (2) purchaser, (3) relationship, and (4) authoritative. His typology can be the premise of further research in the field and will give intriguing bits of knowledge . Presumably the most significant commitment of Bowie to the examination viable is his distinguishing proof of key issues in work environment savagery and how it influences the entire association and the people who experience such brutality. Of the patterns that he distinguished, a significant segment that ought to be examined as of now is digital brutality. Given the far reaching utilization of email, blogging, texting and other web stages, work environment viciousness is additionally being propagated and laborers are being debased, bugged, controlled and embarrassed. Another significant part of working environment brutality that could develop Bowie’s work is by considering how more established representatives are being dealt with. Given the enormous number of youthful experts holding back to work, these more seasoned representatives are being hassled so they would leave and offer approach to more youthful laborers . Bowie’s work arranges this examination study being embraced with respect to the improvements in the rising patterns and issues in working environment brutality. With the structure of this examination, a few suggestions will be made on the most proficient method to manage these developing patterns and issues. Crafted by Johnson and Indvik further gives a significant verifiable setting on the rise of work environment viciousness as a field of study and enthusiasm for corporate culture and human relations inside associations. The nineties is quite compelling to Johnson and Indvik. They noticed the ascent in both power and number of frequencies of working environment viciousness. The two scientists investigated the reasons for this viciousness, the apparent expenses of work environment brutality and its effect on the association all in all. Among the causes that they noted, enthusiastic issues are the first on their rundown. These passionate issues may originate from profound situated issues as a part of their characters and formative stage or it might be identified with issues of progress in their ways of life. Misuse, is regularly experienced first in the family and this is then moved to different people in the working environment or in the family. Another significant reason for viciousness is the apparent troubles in the economy, the laying off of laborers and the failure of laborers to manage such changes in their lives. Johnson and Indvik’s way to deal with managing their investigation is that they directed initial an examination on the potential reasons for savagery in an individual specialist. From that, they additionally portray the work environment circumstance and how it adds to the advancement of a working environment helpful for brutality. In the wake of experiencing this, the creators additionally examined the job of the board and HR officials of the association in the rise of work environment brutality. One of the significant ideas the creators set forward is that there more likely than not been careless employing in light of the fact that people that are genuinely and intellectually upset. Another territory of carelessness would be on the oversight of representatives. On the off chance that there is compelling oversight and customary meeting with the administrators and the representatives, working environment savagery would be alleviated. The creators likewise laid out a few anticipation techniques by managing all the regions of the reasons for savagery that they distinguished. The authentic setting in the article of Johnson and Indvik just as their investigation of individual specialists, the working environment and the job of the executives in work environment savagery make it a truly important asset in understanding the aggressors, the nature and qualities of working environment viciousness, and arranging procedures that could fundamentally decrease the rate and event of working environment brutality. Is there a Need for Violence? Is there a requirement for savagery? John Keane appears to answer yes to this significant inquiry. History is packed with brutality. There are wars, slaughtering fields, death camps, deaths and different types of brutality. It appears that brutality is hard-wired into the awareness of each individual. Keane along these lines sets out on an excursion to think about the implications of such savagery and their moral and political centrality. In spite of the fact that his work isn't completely identified with work environment brutality, Keane’s thoughts and reflections on the Catch 22s of viciousness can have significant ramifications on the work environment. He has a fascinating knowledge that may apply on the response of individuals who are constantly seen as casualties of work environment savagery. More often than not, staying silent and renunciation is the standard response to viciousness in the work environment. Keane says that this sort of uninvolved response to viciousness ought to be reevaluated. Credulous pacifism for Keane is a time misplacement and will just make a condition a pattern of brutality. At the point when nobody opposes silly brutality, at that point it will turn out to be a piece of the way of life. It will likewise drive away the individuals who are constantly exposed to viciousness. He requires a reexamining on the methodology of today’s society to viciousness. While the facts may confirm that harmony and absence of contention is profoundly attractive, the individuals who cause viciousness ought to be secured. You read Working environment Violence in the Workplace Sector: A Literature Review in class Writing That must be done if the survivors of viciousness who need to protect politeness will get sufficiently brave to go to bat for their own privileges and face the culprits of brutality. Despite the fact that not legitimately identified with working environment brutality, Keane’s reflections have a lot to do in halting savagery in the working environment and helping casualties stand up for themselves and even take dynamic intends to counter viciousness. Thusly, the association will engage its representatives with the goal that they can stop working environment brutality in the event that they see it anyplace in the association. Work environment brutality might be taken a gander at as a demonstration between two individuals. There are cases, notwithstanding, that more individuals might be included. Working environment savagery is basically a relational episode. The underlying driver of such viciousness should be distinguished all together for the best possible intercession procedures to be concocted. Cavell and Malcolm distinguished annoyance and animosity in the work environment as the main sources of brutality in the working environment. Through the assortment of articles that they gathered, they investigate the wellsprings of outrage in the work environment and, all the more critically, in the individual existences of the individuals who go to work at their workplaces. In a somewhat fascinating turn with regards to their contention, they said that outrage and animosity are nevertheless ordinary in the lives of individuals. What is important is the means by which to deal with these feelings. With great administration, these feelings could likewise be effectively utilized. Whenever left unchecked, be that as it may, they can unleash destruction at the work environment, leaving individuals harming and in harm's way. The creators took a gander at mental clarifications of outrage and hostility and how various individuals express these feelings. More than that, in any case, they likewise investigated the various methods for controlling resentment viably, for example, soliciting the assistance from outrage the executives experts and guides. In the book that they created, they additionally built up a supportive model in rewarding outrage and animosity. As the contemporary work environment turns out to be increasingly perplexing and troublesome, so will the wellbeing and security concerns be first at the psyches of directors and the individuals who authorize laws identified with security. In light of this, the volume contributed by Cavell Malcolm is a major assistance for experts who are trying to kill the negative impacts of outrage and hostility in the working environment and work towards the diverting of these feelings to imagination that over the long haul will add to the development of the association. The book additionally offered strong rules on the most proficient method to help representatives who are experiencing episodes of outrage, hostility and even misery with the goal that they can make the best out of their circumstance and add to the improvement of authoritative practices and advancement. Kinds of Workplace Violence. Physical viciousness is no the main rules in deciding working environment brutality. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) thought of four distinct sorts of work environment brutality, which could likewise be useful to this investigation in concocting such typology of work environment viciousness. The first is criminal purpose which might be established in uncertain clashes and profound situated disappointments and enthusiastic and mental unsettling influence. Moreover, criminal goal might be incurred by individuals outside the working environment who do have criminal purpose, for example, theft, manslaughter or murder and assault among others Besides, work environment viciousness may likewise emana

How does William Blake use symbolism to comment on society in Songs of Experience Free Essays

string(86) maker of the sheep and he thinks about the lambs’ qualities to its creator. William Blake was a progressive savant and an artist who felt constrained to expound on the treachery of the eighteenth century. Blake was a social pundit of the Romantic Period, yet his analysis is as yet pertinent to today’s society. Blake experienced numerous hardships throughout his life, including a capture for offering hostile expressions about the lord and nation. We will compose a custom article test on How does William Blake use imagery to remark on society in Songs of Experience? or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The entirety of the occasions that Blake suffered in his life affected his composition. At the point when Blake composed the Songs of Innocence, his vision of his crowd may have been somewhat obscured. The crowd that Blake’s works were affected by what were well off â€Å"soul murderers†, who purchased small kids from their poor guardians to oppress them. They constrained small kids to perform employments that were unfit and risky for people to actualize. A crowd of people, along these lines, need to mull over the psychological condition of the speaker made by Blake. In William Blake’s â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in Songs of Experience. The story is told by a young man. In this specific sonnet, the speaker is â€Å"a minimal dark thing among the snow†. The young man is dark since he is canvassed in residue from the fireplace that he is compelled to clean, however how are perusers to realize this except if we know about the term â€Å"Innocence†? Later in this sonnet of â€Å"Experience† the young man discusses grinning â€Å"among the winter’s snow†, giving the peruser the impression of a white, snow-topped condition. The picture we get from perusing â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in Songs of Experience is that of a little, lost and relinquished, possibly an African-American youngster lying in the snow crying since his folks went to the congregation to petition God for what they need, which isn't him. This picture does isn't exact to the musings of William Blake and what he is attempting to put over, yet this sonnet is in ‘Songs of Experience’, so Blake anticipates that the peruser should have perused a portion of the sonnets in ‘Songs of Innocence’, and to comprehend that when he says a â€Å"little dark thing†, he isn't alluding to the racial foundation of the kid. What's more, when he discusses â€Å"thy father and mother†, Blake isn't alluding to a cheerfully wedded couple. He is suggesting that society, religion, and the administration share obligation in the oppression and obliteration of youngsters. The amusing thing about this, in any case, is that a peruser who doesn't comprehend Blake’s goals can in any case appreciate this sonnet. There are numerous kinds of incongruity that Blake utilizes in his composition. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, for instance, the young man cries, â€Å"And in light of the fact that I am glad, move and sing†. It is to some degree evident that Blake’s speaker is being pessimistic and says something contrary to what he really needs us to accept. By perusing the remainder of the sonnet, it is anything but difficult to see that the faculties of delight and satisfaction don't stay alive in the boy’s life. The primary subjects of Blake’s sonnet â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† manage four general regions of human presence: the nature of mankind, the nature of society, the nature of human-kind’s relationship with the world, and the idea of our moral duties. Blake composed â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, with the expectations to declare his conviction that everyone had a specific job in the network. The family one was naturally introduced to figured out what the person in question would accomplish for the remainder of his/her life, regardless of what desires or dreams he/she may have. This is the class the speaker of the sonnet falls into. He is a â€Å"Chimney Sweeper†. He was constrained into this activity without a decision, thus he says, â€Å"They think they have done me no injury†. Numerous individuals wonder, who are â€Å"they†? â€Å"They† are similar individuals who affected Blake’s writing in any case. In The Songs of Innocence, there is another sonnet called â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† which is a finished anonym to the sonnet broke down already. In spite of the fact that the two sonnets are extraordinary, they are both developed from similar perspectives. One is adequate to juvenile perusers since it has more portrayal. Portrayal is the author’s introduction and advancement of characters. To comprehend the portrayal in The Songs of Experience, one must have the option to comprehend â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in The Songs of Innocence. The main portrayal is that of the young man and his objection to his life and his misery. Despite the fact that the sonnet is short, it would in any case do the speaker a treachery to state that his character is basic, particularly when it is amazingly common that Blake’s mentality toward his speaker is steady. While thinking about a specific thought, occasion, or even a setting of William Blake’s sonnets, it is basic to see his selection of words when he depicts the young man. He gives the peruser the feeling that possibly he himself was to some degree a denied youngster. Blake isn't direct in communicating his position, however it is clear what he infers from the accentuated appearances that he makes when he discusses the young man â€Å"Crying † ‘weep,’weep,† in notes of misfortune! † In the assessment of this sonnet, honesty, confidence, and absence of self-esteem are the prevalent topics of the sonnet. By examining these subjects, a precise image of the speaker and finding out about honesty and experience is picked up. In contrast to different sonnets, which delineate guiltlessness as something to be loved, this sonnet represents a tragic blamelessness that is better become out of. In William Blake’s tunes of Innocence and Experience, the delicate Lamb and the furious Tiger differentiates between the honesty of youth and the experience old enough. Blake clarifies that the sonnet ‘The Lamb’ perspective is from that of a youngster, when he says â€Å"I a kid and thou a sheep. Though the sonnet ‘The Tyger’ was composed from the point of view of a progressively experienced individual who had seen the entirety of the wickedness on the planet. Blake addresses the maker of the sheep and he analyzes the lambs’ qualities to its maker. You read How does William Blake use imagery to remark on society in Songs of Experience? in classification Papers In ‘The Lamb,’ William Blake clarifies that God can resemble a kid, submissive and honest, â€Å"He is accommodating, and he is gentle/He turned into a little kid. † When one thinks about a youngster they see somebody who is tame, unadulterated, and muddled of the world. So a kid resembles a sheep somebody who represents immaculateness. In this sonnet Blake is clarifying that God believed himself to resemble a sheep, honest and quiet when he says, † He is called by thy name,/For he considers himself a Lamb†. An individual could never realize that God has various countenances until one truly comes to comprehend by their own thoughts on an individual level what god's identity is and what he can do. In ‘The Tyger,’ William Blake clarifies that there is more that meets the eye when one looks at the maker and his creation, the tiger. All through the sonnet Blake addresses the maker of the tiger to decide whether the maker is devilish or exceptional. Blake asks â€Å"Did he who made the Lamb make thee? † Blake addresses whether a similar individual that made the delicate sheep could be equipped for making such a horrible brute, the tiger? Blake has no response for this inquiry; it is surrendered over to the peruser to choose. Blake relates the tiger’s condition to one during the Industrial Revolution when he says, â€Å"What the sledge? What the chain? /In what heater was thy mind? â€Å". This represents what Blake’s youth resembled to him and how society treated various individuals. It asks God for what valid reason he made fiendishness individuals just as great individuals on the planet, why make a general public that could so effectively go degenerate and evil? This is one of Blake’s lines of reasoning between the sonnets ‘The Tyger’ and ‘The Lamb’ The one thing that makes Blake’s work somewhat unique and increasingly unique is that the majority of his sonnets are revolved around his confidence in God. Blake was a man of innovativeness, one that was broadly misjudged by society. To make sonnets about the essences of God is genuinely awesome to individuals who share his convictions. He exhibits to the world that as an essayist he by and by sees a portion of the essences of the God he has faith in. In these appearances of God, Blake made some entrancing disclosures on what society was turning out to be to be. He related these disclosures by inconspicuously offering remarks, and commenting on the shortcomings of society in the greater part of his sonnets, for the most part from ‘Songs of Experience. ‘ The establishment for a great deal of Blake’s sonnets was society and the things he discovered horrifying in it. For instance, in his impression of â€Å"London,† William Blake regrets the destitution looked by the lower class of present day, industrialized London, and he can discover no note of reassurance or trust in their future. Blake utilizes this topic to significantly delineate the conditions where the abused lower class is compelled to live; he builds up the subject using sounds, imagery, and an unexpected touch of words in the last line that communicates Blake’s extreme faith in the misery of the circumstance. The sonnet is commanded by an inflexible meter that reflects the unbending nature and the powerless circumstance of the lives of poor people and the abusive class framework. The principal refrain starts with Blake depicting somebody who sounds mos

Meteorology assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meteorology - Assignment Example Audit the sounding information accessible from the online vault to appraise the estimation of CAPE only before the event of the Angus tornado. The climate was inclined to wards serious climate since the Environment Canada had given tornado alerts for a few networks in the region as a line of extreme rainstorms with inserted tornadoes moved into the Lake Simcoe locale. On Tuesday at around 5:20 pm, a virus front produced various solid to serious rainstorms over the southern Ontario. This was said by the natural of Canada in the tempest rundown right off the bat Wednesday. I. Assume lightning was seen in Angus, and that you had an away from of sight from York University to it. To what extent would it take for you to hear the thunder relating to the Angus lightning? Express any suppositions required for this estimation. After the tempests, a few a great many homes and organizations I Angus were without power. Over 24 hours, clients in Ontario were still not having power. The tempest went out in the accompanying grouping, at 8:47 a.m., the principal serious rainstorm went out, at that point 10:54 a.m., 2:25 p.m., 2:37 p.m., 3:03 p.m. - 4:54 p.m. at that point the tornado cautioning replaces extreme tempest cautioning. As per Environment Canada, the tornado was related with serious rainstorm. It was joined by huge hail, wind blasts more noteworthy than or equivalent to 50kts, or tornado. At the end of the day, it was an Ordinary Cell Thunderstorm. http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-tears through-angus-ontario-a few homes-harmed no-major-wounds detailed/29754/. The tornado is approximated to go at a breeze speed of between 180-220 km/hr. what's more, with constrained breeze shear. http://globalnews.ca/video/1475249/get back planning unsure for-tornado-casualties in-angus. Tornadoes are exceptionally damaging as from the video interface above, it prompted the passing of a few people for example the extreme

Marketing concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising idea - Essay Example This implies they ought to be given the space to comprehend what the item/administration will bring for them more than all else. The promoting idea expects to pinpoint the requirements of the objective customers and addresses the equivalent while meeting their exceptionally needs through the acquisition of the item/administration and its definitive utilization. On the off chance that there is no selling of the item, there would be no relationship of the need with the intended interest group and consequently advertising probably won't be required by any stretch of the imagination. Consequently advertising idea hopes to take care of the issues in which the buyers are tied up and in any event, when there is no issue at all †just to fulfill one’s wants †they are approached to buy an item/administration in order to include a superior remaining inside a specific group of friends or society. At the end of the day, this incorporates the premise of confidence needs if nothing else (Varey 2001). Effective instances of advertising incorporate the battles that have been propelled by Coca Cola everywhere throughout the globe. The item exists inside the brains of the intended interest groups however and, after its all said and done the organization needs to showcase it consistently (Marco, 2001). This is for the way that Coca Cola exists and it needs to make a blemish on the consumers’ minds at each conceivable occurrence.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Incentivation How to Motivate Successfully - Free Essay Example

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Incentivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" How to Motivate Successfully? Extrinsic Motivation Moving on to describing and assessing external incentivation, almost all measures, depending on the definition used, can be summed up under one term: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Whether it is the base salary, the bonus, the commission, the pension plan, health benefits, or the company car à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it all can be boiled down to a monetary value that is provided to the individual by an external entity. The aim of theses monetary rewards is to refund the individual for the efforts he is taking on in pursuing a goal on someone else behave and motivating him to do that in an efficient and effective way to his best means. This is the playground of classical principal-agent theory and has become one of the main research fields in motivation research. The goals of company owners, management, and the firm itself have to be aligned with the personal goals of each individual to create a consistent frame for activities. Controlling and reducing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agency co stsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inherent in the principle-agent relationship to a minimum is a key aim of external incentivation. Beside intrinsic motivation, which was discussed in the previous section, external incentivation is especially prominent in the context of managing a sales force as the principal-agent conflict is strong in these settings (Basu, Lal, Srinivasan, Staelin, 1985). One important reason for this connection is the relative detachedness of the sales representatives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"on the roadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from the rest of the organization. However, the transaction based nature of the sales process also makes it easy to track and reward performance, which in turn is one important instrument in handling the problem. The obvious question that large amounts of research have dealt with is, how to archive the alignment of interest, the transformation of external goals into personal goals of the individual, by using external incentivation in a meaningful and most efficie nt way. In the next paragraphs we will provide a brief overview of the research results aiming at answering this question and give some practical insights into how to apply these findings in practice. Principal-Agent Theory Principal-agent theory in principal discusses problems arising in settings where a person X, the principal, hires person Y, the agent, to perform a task that is in the interest of person X. If this task is for some reason not in the interest of person Y as well, he has an incentive to deviate from performing the task in the way intended by the principal. In theory the principal could deal with this problem by writing a complete contract specifying that the agent is receiving a payment, which is higher than the agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s alternative choices, for performing the task as intended by principal and in all other cases the agent receives nothing. The underlying problem now becomes obvious when we consider that, first, there is nothing like a complete contract in real live and not all possible states of nature in the future can be captures already in a contract today and second, that the concept of complete and perfect information is just a theoretical construct rather tha n observable in reality. Most of the issues evolve around asymmetric information between the two parties with the agent normal having an information advantage. For example, the principal has no exact information about the pay-out structure of the agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s different options and he often also cannot observe the agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts level in executing the assigned task directly (Eisenhardt, 1989). These issues create a huge problem for the principal as he is exposed to the risk of conflict of interest and moral hazard by the relationship with the agent. Managing this relationship in an efficient way to reduce the imposed risk and create an optimal outcome for both parties is therefore essential as the backup option of the principal in walking away from the relationship completely is in most cases a suboptimal outcome for both parties with lower overall welfare (Eisenhardt, 1989). Fortunately, research around the agency dilemma has produced several strateg ies of coping with principal-agent problems. Often cited tools with regard to employment relations are pay-for-performance/bonus-based incentives, promotion-based incentives, profit sharing, performance measurement/evaluation and bonding contracts/performance bonds (Baker, Jensen, Murphy, 1988). Further concepts discussed within the context of the agency dilemma are, among others, efficiency wages and the threat of employment termination as well as transaction costs dynamics. The general idea of most concepts trying to mitigate agency costs, as mentioned before, is to reach an alignment of the self-interests of the principal and the agent so that by fulfilling the task assigned by the principal, the agent is also acting within his own best interest. To reach such an outcome, the economic benefit for the agent in fulfilling the assigned task must be larger than his outside options. In addition, the principal generally expects the agent to invest high effort in carrying out the task, as the probability for a successful completion of the task is higher for high effort then for low effort. Investing a high effort in the completion of assigned task can be seen as the simplest definition of high motivation of an agent and thus, constitutes the link between the agency dilemma and motivation science (Bagozzi, 1980). However, for the agent, investing a high effort is costlier than just investing minimal effort in the task and the principle cannot observe directly if the agent is investing a high or a low effort (which is the standard case of information asymmetry). Therefore, the principal has to not only consider the outside options of the agent, but also the different behaviour options inside the organisation when defining a way to overcome the principal-agent inefficiency. Countermeasures for Sales Force Management In theory, a large set of instruments to handle agency problems exists, as mentioned in the previous paragraph. However, only a few of them are actually relevant and also accepted by practitioners in the context of sales force management. Beside the efficiency wage concept and performance measurement/evaluation, pay-for-performance/bonus-based incentives is by far the most used tool in controlling agency costs (Baker, Jensen, Murphy, 1988). The efficiency wage concept which basically argues that the payment of a wage premium above the market clearing price is economical rational due to the risk of shirking while facing high monitoring costs, the limitation of employee turnover and the bigger selection in recruitment. In contrast performance measurement/ evaluation is focusing on increasing the monitorability of the job performance of the sales representatives to reduce the issue of asymmetric information. Modern costumer-relationship-management software is able to provide the mana gement with extensive data about the sales representativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts and performance and thereby makes it easier to tie wage payments closely to invested effort level and performance. The most important instrument in coping with agency problems are, as mentioned before, pay-for-performance/bonus-based incentives. Within classical principal-agent-theory problems, when the principal can only observe an outcome that is linked to the effort level of the agent with a specific probability but not the effort level itself directly, the agent can be motivated to invest high effort by paying a bonus. For the states of nature that have a higher probability of appearance when high effort is exercised a bonus is paid and no bonus is paid when other states of nature are observed. The bonus has to be chosen in a way that the expected value for the agent is higher for always investing high effort than for staying with low effort. It depends on the payoff structure of the princ ipal and the agent if incentivising for high effort is optimal or if the needed bonus is higher than the expected additional profits of the principal and accepting low effort is advantageous. As the agent is normally assumed to be risk averse the effect of higher bonus payments is decreasing as he has to be compensated for the additional risk he is exposed to. In terms of sales force compensation packages that means that a high base payment is advantageous as it is valued higher by the sales representative than a risky bonus payment, as long as he is risk averse. The bonus payment should be just large enough to incentivise the high effort and commitment behaviour desired by the management. The bonus itself should be linked to an observable outcome which has the highest possible predictive power for the chosen effort level. That is definitely not the overall firm performance and also does not have to be the contribution margin of a customer or the new customer acquisition rate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it can well be that items like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"number of customer visitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are the best predictor of effort. However, with the sales representative knowing the performance measure an adverse incentive to optimize just this measurement and not to generally invest high effort is introduced. Thus, it can in turn make sense to relate the bonus payment to measure that are capturing positive outcomes for the firm like customer contribution margin, or harder to manipulate for an individual like overall firm performance as an extreme. The right balance and mixture of different measures the bonus payment is linked to, is therefore an important factor for a successful compensation plan (Misra Nair, 2011). Another important issue that is heavily debated within the research community is whether there is a link between job satisfaction and job performance and if high job satisfaction causes high job performance or if high job performance causes high job sati sfaction. This causality dilemma, which sounds at first glance similar to the question after if the chicken or the egg was first in the world, presents a real relevance to practitioners as it is a valid question if there is an advantage for management do shift resources into improving job satisfaction to achieve a higher performance or if performance should be addresses directly. In an empirical study, Richard P. Bagozzi discovered in 1980 that job satisfaction actually is correlated with performance. Sales representatives were found to be motivated by anticipating the satisfaction caused by high performance rather than by the performance itself. Therefore, the motivating factor for achieving high performance can be seen in job satisfaction, however Bagozzi concluded thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“perhaps the most striking finding is that job satisfaction does not necessarily lead to better performance. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] How, then, can one influence performance? The present study points to self-esteem as a key determinant. Management should enhance self-esteem by regularly providing positive reinforcement in the form of personal recognition and monetary rewards, as well as socially visible acknowledgement of good performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bagozzi, 1980, S. 71). This statement clearly point in a very interesting direction, stating that monetary rewards are no end in itself but should be used to increase the self-esteem of the employee and to express an appreciation for the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment. We can clearly recognize the bridge that is built by this research finding to Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two-factor theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs addressed in the theoretic models-part of this paper as well as to the issues and importance of intrinsic motivation discussed earlier. References Bagozzi, R. P. (1980). Performance and Satisfaction in an Industrial Sales Force: An Examination of Their Antecedents and Simultaneity. Journal of Marketing, 44(2), 65-77. Baker, G. P., Jensen, M. C., Murphy, K. J. (1988). Compensation and Incentives: Practice vs. Theory. Journal of Finance, 43(3), 593-616. Basu, A. K., Lal, R., Srinivasan, V., Staelin, R. (1985). Salesforce Compensation Plans: An Agency Theoretic Perspective. Marketing Science, 4(4), 267-291. Chen, F. (2005). Salesforce Incentives, Market Information, and Production/Inventory Planning. Management Science, 51(1), 60 75. Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"74. Kissan, J., Thevaranjan, A. (1998). Monitoring and Incentives in Sales Organizations: An Agency-Theoretic Perspective. Marketing Science, 17(2), 107-123. Latham, G. P. (2012). Work Motivation. New York: SAGE Publication, Inc. Misra, S., Nair, H. S. (2 011). A structural model of sales-force compensation dynamics: Estimation and field implementation. Quantitative Marketing Economics, 9(3), 211à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"257. Page 1

MBA vs. EMBA What’s the difference

An Executive MBA is sometimes mistaken for being a superior version of its better-known counterpart—the MBA. In reality, theyre actually very similar in terms of content, prestige, and value to employers. But the two programs are delivered in different formats, require different levels of commitment, and serve different career aspirations. Comparing course length and schedule An MBA, short for Master of Business Administration, is a general management degree. There are one and two-year programs, but both tend to be full-time and require you to be on campus. At Hult, our Global One-Year MBA is completed over 12 months, with the option of studying on up to three of our global campuses. EMBA, short for Executive Master of Business Administration, is also a general management qualification. However, EMBA programs are typically done  part-time,  taking between two and four years to complete. The Global Executive EMBA at Hult is designed to be flexible, with some students completing the course in as little as 18 months. This full-time versus part-time study schedule is often thought to be the defining difference between an MBA and an EMBA. However,  there are many other differences to consider. Course structure and student lifestyle Because of the full-time nature of MBA programs, they require a big commitment in terms of a change in lifestyle. You will need to take a career break for the duration of the program and, if you’re attending a global business school like Hult, you may need to relocate to a different country. A full-time MBA is an immersive graduate experience that requires total commitment. EMBAs are not only part-time, they are usually designed to enable people to continue working as they study. How classes are scheduled varies from school to school, and the program that suits you best will depend on your work patterns and career goals. At Hult, our EMBA is delivered over one four-day weekend per month. To help you maintain your work/life/study balance, there are also opportunities to complete some modules online, or pause your studies should you need to. It amazed me how much we learned over a four-day weekend, not only from the theory but also the Hult approach to leadership. This really set the standard for the rest of the EMBA program. Dr. Toby Shepherd  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  Head of EMEA Regional Medical Affairs, Pfizer Consumer Health  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  EMBA Class of 2018 With an MBA, many students choose to relocate to wherever their school of choice is. But EMBA students are usually in full-time employment, so they are often more restricted when it comes to the location of the school. Our EMBA students tend to attend the campus closest to home, which  they can easily travel to once a month.  However, having the option of attending multiple campuses around the world is often a big benefit for Hult EMBA students who frequently travel abroad for work, or want to gain on-the-ground international experience. The flexibility of the EMBA route can mean considerably less impact on your regular lifestyle—although balancing work, personal life, and studies does come with its own challenges. Differences in age and professional experience One simple difference between an MBA and Executive MBA program is the profile of the students. EMBA students tend to be slightly older, with  more years of senior-level professional experience on their resumes. Heres a breakdown of the average age and experience of Hult MBA and EMBA candidates: This difference in seniority plays a big part in how students engage with the course content and can steer classroom discussion. It’s important to consider where you fit best when choosing a degree program, as your peers will become an invaluable part of your professional network. Networking is key in today’s global business world, and the program has allowed me to expand my network and gain new, valuable business contacts. This has opened many doors, and will open many more in the future. Alessandro Banzer Liechtensteiner – CEO, Xiting – EMBA Class of 2017 Admissions requirements As EMBAs are geared towards working professionals with more extensive experience, EMBA admissions teams look for a varied professional background and managerial experience. Its assumed that applicants will already have a certain level of business knowledge picked up over their career, so there is not so much emphasis placed on entrance exams. For most full-time MBA programs, only three years of work experience is required. However, a GMAT (or equivalent) score will usually be part of the MBA admissions criteria. Curriculum differences MBA and Executive MBA programs generally cover the same core content and aim to develop or advance similar skills. At Hult, MBA and EMBA students engage with the same fundamental topics in their core courses. Both programs also offer the option of specializing by taking electives in a particular business area, such as marketing, finance, entrepreneurship, project management, or business analytics. On our MBA program, students have the opportunity to apply the theory learned in class through practical projects, like the Hult Business Challenge. Our EMBA students take part in challenge learning  too. But they also have the opportunity to apply their learning straight away in the workplace—meaning lessons learned have immediate professional value. Career goals Often, MBA students are looking to make some kind of change in their career—be it a change of location, industry, or function. Therefore, their focus is firmly on gaining employment upon graduation. At Hult, we are also seeing more and more MBA grads pursuing a career in entrepreneurship and starting their own businesses. In fact, 8% of our most recent graduating class launched their own business after Hult. The motivations for Executive MBA students are more varied. Some are actively looking to change career or secure a new job, while others are looking to progress at the company theyre at. Some might be looking to keep their skills current, while others are simply embracing an opportunity for  professional and personal development. It’s important that the school you choose offers the right career development opportunities to support your goals. If youre interested in learning more about the career outcomes for recent Hult grads, you can download our latest Global Careers Report. The most significant impact of the program for someone at my level is that the EMBA has made me ‘current’ in my knowledge. It has also widened my perspective. Tina Oberoi  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Chief Operating Officer, Retail Lals Group (GCC) – EMBA Class of 2017 Fees, financing, and return on investment The fees for both programs are usually fairly similar, depending on the school and the location of the program. The difference often lies in the options students have for funding their degree. MBAs are usually self-funded, although there are a wide variety of scholarships and financial aid  packages available through private companies and the business schools themselves. When it comes to course fees, full-time MBA students must also factor in living expenses and the cost of accommodation, taking into account that they wont be earning a salary for the length of the program. Fortunately, successful MBA grads usually see a fast return on their investment, as their new academic credentials put them in good stead for more senior roles. Executive MBAs, on the other hand, can often be funded—either partially or entirely—by their employer. Thats because employers benefit from the skills and knowledge gained, and many are happy to contribute to the professional development of their staff. Having said that, there is an increasing trend towards EMBA candidates self-funding their degree, with scholarships and financial aid also being available for these programs. Employer-sponsored students are generally required to commit a few years to the company upon graduation, so be sure you’re aware of the conditions if this is the route you take.  Whether employer-funded or self-funded, EMBA students will also be earning a full-time salary while studying, so studying for an EMBA can be somewhat less daunting financially. Hult EMBA grads can also benefit from serious ROI, with recent alumni reporting a salary boost of almost 50%. Ready to learn more about Hult’s innovative and flexible Global Executive MBA program?  Download a brochure. Decided now is the time to invest in yourself and your career?  Submit your application today. Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .